in 1848 what was the capital of france?in 1848 what was the capital of france?

The policy of budgetary savings reassured investors that the state's inclinations were sound; the Bank of France strengthened confidence in the paper money by a strict parsimony in issuing notes: in t [183], The Germans attacked France on 10 May 1940. small farmers in southern France w Kingdom of France - Wikipedia To provide water for her gardens and fountains, Marie de Medicis had the old Roman aqueduct from Rungis reconstructed. The first botanical garden in France, the Jardin du Roy, (renamed Jardin des plantes in 1793 after the monarchy was abolished during the French Revolution), was founded in 1633, both as a conservatory of medicinal plants and for botanical research. It was not finished until 1919, but quickly became one of the most recognizable landmarks in Paris.[145]. It suffered from the Bubonic Plague in the 14th century and the Hundred Years' War in the 15th century, with recurrence of the plague. Frankish leaders were influenced by Rome, some even fought with Rome to defeat Atilla the Hun. The le de la Cit was the site of the royal palace, and construction of the new Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris began in 1163.[38]. His conversion to Christianity was likely seen as a title only, to improve his political position. A newspaper remarked, By deciding to be interred at Paris, Clovis gave the city symbolic weight. He began by buying several large mansions located on the Rue Saint-Honor (next to the then still-existing Wall of Charles V), the (first) Htel de Rambouillet and adjacent Htel d'Armagnac, then expanding it with an enormous garden (three times larger than the present garden), with a fountain in the centre and long rows of trees on either side. [140] In January 1871, the Prussians began the bombardment of the city with heavy siege guns, and the city finally surrendered on 28 January. [108] He gave the names of his victories to two new bridges, the Pont d'Austerlitz (1802) and the Pont d'Ina (1807)[109], In 1806, in imitation of Ancient Rome, Napoleon ordered the construction of a series of monuments dedicated to the military glory of France. Between 27 October and 14 November 2005, in what became known as the 2005 French riots, young residents of low-income housing projects in Clichy-sous-Bois, a Paris suburb, rioted, after two young men fleeing the police were accidentally electrocuted. The setting up of discount banks indicated the necessity of a pyramid of more stable commercial banks, offering more guarantees; but their weak "financial standing" opened the way to reflections on the conception of big joint-stock deposit banks. During the Occupation, the French Government moved to Vichy, and the flag of Nazi Germany flew over all the French government buildings. They completed the extension of the Rue de Rivoli, begun by Napoleon I, and built a network of wide boulevards to connect the railway stations and neighborhoods of the city to improve traffic circulation and create open space around the city's monuments. In 1954, thirty-five percent of Paris apartment buildings had been built before 1871. In 1812, James Mayer Rothschild arrived in Paris from Frankfurt and set up the bank Rothschild Frres. s against securities. In Paris especially there emerged strong traditions in literature, art and music. Banks and discount houses, like Gouin or Ganneron, which flourished in the years 1830-40 lacking financial standing and their own resources of deposits in sufficient quantity, depended too much of discounting by the Bank of France. The Palais de Chaillot, the terraces of which were ornamented with gigantic water cannon fountains, was the main venue, along with the Palais de Tokyo, which now hosts the Muse d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris ("Paris Museum of Modern Art") in its eastern wing. The new bridge, opened in 1512, was made of dimension stone, paved with stone, and lined with sixty-eight houses and shops. [180], Despite the tensions, the city hosted yet another world's fair in 1937, in this case with the very long title Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne ("International Exposition of arts and technology in modern life"). [27] However, it was too late, and the liberal opposition won out over the monarchy. [88] The fortress itself was completely demolished by November, and the stones turned into souvenirs. [163] It was not popular with everyone: its modern style was denounced in public letters by many of France's most prominent cultural figures, including Guy de Maupassant, Charles Gounod and Charles Garnier. comptoirs d'escompte) to furnish the "third signature" required for rediscount commercial paper. The Place de la Concorde was further embellished on 25 October 1836 by the placement of the Luxor Obelisk, weighing two hundred fifty tons, which was carried to France from Egypt on a specially-built ship. Signs in German were placed on the main boulevards, and the clocks of Paris were reset to Berlin time. Near the end of his reign, Francis decided to build a new wing with a Renaissance faade in place of one wing built by King Philip II. The first stone of the choir of the cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris was laid in 1163, and the altar was consecrated in 1182. Center for In the Italian gardens of her palace, she commissioned a Florentine fountain-maker, Tommaso Francini, to create the Medici Fountain. The new government imposed a Reign of Terror upon France. The centre of the city is dark, cramped, hideous, something from the time of the most shameful barbarism. On 17 July 1791, the National Guard fired upon a gathering of petitioners on the Champs de Mars, killing dozens and widening the gulf between the more moderate and more radical revolutionaries. A million Parisians left the city for the provinces, where there was more food and fewer Germans. France's pacification under Henry IV laid much of the ground for the beginnings of France's rise to European hegemony. The first fire brigades were organised between 1729 and 1801, particularly after a large fire destroyed the opera house of the Palais-Royal in 1781. The classification system of Bordeaux wines was developed especially for the Exposition. During the later years of the elderly Charlemagne's rule, the Vikings made advances along the northern and western perimeters of the Kingdom of the Franks. From 2 to 6 September 1792, bands of sans-culottes broke into the prisons and murdered refractory priests, aristocrats and common criminals. [81], The predominant architectural style in Paris from the mid-17th century until the regime of Louis Philippe was neo-classicism, based on the model of Greco-Roman architecture; the most classical example was the new church of La Madeleine, whose construction began in 1764. Center for [70], Richelieu died in 1642, and Louis XIII in 1643. Louis Philippe flees to England, but the revolution proves eventually to be unsuccessful due to irresolvable differences between the radicals and the bourgeois. The Paris Commune, 150 years on - from the siege of the capital to Each taxi carried five soldiers following the lights of the taxi ahead, and the mission was accomplished within twenty-four hours. [164], The Universal Exposition of 1900 celebrated the turn of the century. Many notable artists lived and worked in Paris during the Belle poque, often in Montmartre, where rents were low and the atmosphere congenial. After Henry II's death in a joust, the country was ruled by his widow Catherine de' Medici and her sons Francis II, Charles IX and Henry III. It was an immense structure, 125 metres long, with towers 63 meters high and seats for 1300 worshippers. The future leader of Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh, worked in Paris from 1919 to 1923, studying nationalism and socialism. The July Monarchy ended the Bourbon Restoration period of French history. Louis XV of France authorizes a 5% income tax on every individual regardless of social status; the Parlement of Paris protests. [197], In the post-war era, Paris experienced its largest development since the end of the Belle poque in 1914. Eighty-one percent of Paris apartments did not have their own bathroom, and fifty-five percent did not have their own toilet, yet housing was expensive and in short supply. The Caf Procope was frequented by Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Diderot and dAlembert. These standards gave central Paris the street plan and distinctive look it still retains today. [192], The Liberation of Paris and the end of the war did not end the hardships of the Parisians. From now on, devotees of state bonds included savers, somewhat disillusioned by shares after the 1845-48 crisis, despite the creation of the railways' sub-bank (sous-comptoir des chemins de fer) in July 1850 enabling to provide subscribers of railway companies' shares with advance The Bourbon white flag was substituted with the French tricolour,[28] and a new Charter was introduced in August 1830. A credit crisis gnawed at economy; in several regions, such as in the Rhone valley, many firms resorted to specie exchanges, what caused a stagnation in trade. [65], Louis XIII continued the Louvre project begun by Henri IV by creating the harmonious cour carre, or square courtyard, in the heart of the Louvre. A curfew was in effect from nine in the evening until five in the morning; at night, the city went dark. It was his final project for the city of Paris. Acquisitions after the end of the Hundred Years' War: Prior to the French Revolution, the Catholic Church was the official state religion of the Kingdom of France. Its forces seized the prefecture of police and other public buildings in the heart of the city. The Grand Chtelet gave its name to the modern Place du Chtelet on the same site.[37][36]. New chemical plants, highly polluting, appeared around the edges of the city in Javel, Grenelle, Passy, Clichy, Belleville and Pantin. Government officials and the army withdrew quickly to Versailles, and a new city council, the Paris Commune, dominated by anarchists and radical socialists, was elected and took power on March 26. Many of the artisans' workshops were located there, and it was the home of about ten percent of the population of Paris. (BNF Gallica), Perspective View of Paris in 1607: Facsimile of a copper-plate by Lonard Gaultier. [64], To the south of the vacant site of the former royal residence of Henry II, the Htel des Tournelles, he built an elegant new residential square surrounded by brick houses and an arcade. French First Republic 17921804 [50] During the 16th and 17th centuries, plague visited the city almost one year out of three. The French Kings, who governed France, from 448 until 1848, commissioned many beautiful monuments , such as Versailles Palace and the Louvre Museum. The resulting exodus of Huguenots from the Kingdom of France created a brain drain, as many of them had occupied important places in society. According to the Royal Frankish Annals, they burned all the churches of Paris with the exception of St. Germain-des-Prs, the Cathedral of St. Stephen, the Church of St. Vincent and St. Denis, which were spared due to a payment of ransom (Royal Frankish Annals s.a. 856 and 857). Coal was critically short in the unusually cold winter of 1916-17. The French Republican Calendar, a new non-Christian calendar, was created, with the year 1792 becoming "Year One": 27 July 1794 was "9 Thermidor of the year II". Henry IV took away the independence of the city government and ruled Paris directly through royal officers. At the death of his father, Louis XIV was only five years old, and his mother Anne of Austria became regent. The Parisii fought bravely and desperately in what became known as the Battle of Lutetia. ancial markets had to be considerably extended by tapping savings. France in the Middle Ages was a de-centralised, feudal monarchy. The New York Times summarised the ongoing debate: On 13 November 2015, there were simultaneous terrorist attacks in Paris conducted by three coordinated teams of terrorists. The Comptoir National d'Escompte de Paris (CNEP) was established during the financial crisis and republican revolution of 1848. At the same time, he sent his deputy Titus Labienus with four legions to subdue the Parisii and their allies, the Senons. Railways could not rely on a financial and banking market sufficiently large and solid; the duration of concessions -- 38 years for the Compagnie du Nord in 1845 -- proved insufficient t [218] On 14 November 2005, as the riots ended, President Jacques Chirac blamed the rioters for a lack of respect for the law and French values, but also condemned inequalities in French society and "the poison of racism". [128], Napoleon III and Haussmann rebuilt two major railway stations, the Gare de Lyon and the Gare du Nord, to make them monumental gateways to the city. Louis XVIII returned to the city and moved into the former apartments of Napoleon at the Tuileries Palace. Because of the sharp divisions between monarchists and republicans, the "Prince-President" was able to accomplish little, and he was prevented by the Constitution from running for re-election. The French Revolution had general causes common to all the revolutions of the West at the end of the 18th century and particular causes that explain why it was by far the most violent and the most universally significant of these revolutions. "Past Futures: Innovation and the Railways of Nineteenth-Century London and Paris." Near the end of new bridge on the Left Bank, a new fashionable neighborhood, the Faubourg Saint-Germain, soon appeared. lic projects increased the budget deficit in the 1840s, as Thiers referred to them, the "follies of peace". The bedroom of the king was on the first floor of this new wing. The classical crisis in credit meant a decline in payments on the debt to the banks, then, up the line, to the regional issuing banks to the Bank of France. After initial concessions by the Crown, the city was retaken by royalist forces in 1358. "[191], The wear and tear of decades of neglect were painfully obvious in smoke-blackened stone facades, cracked and untended stucco, and peeling paintwork in post-World War II Paris. In 1883, it had the ruins pulled down. The provost of the merchants of Paris, Jacques de Flesselles, was also murdered. A league of merchants, the Hanse parisienne, was established and quickly became a powerful force in the city's affairs. And every year, millions of tourists flock to the city to enjoy its scrumptious food and incredible sights. On 21 September, at its first meeting, the Convention abolished the monarchy, and the next day declared France to be a republic. It was crowned with a team of bronze horses that he took from the faade of St Mark's Basilica in Venice. According to historians, three major events started the Kingdom of France: the advent of Clovis I in 481, the Treaty of Verdun and the . At the elections held in April of 1848 Republicans win the majority of the Assembly. Paris designers, led by Christian Dior, made Paris once again the capital of high fashion.[193]. He left his most inexperienced soldiers in their camp on the right bank. They were crowded into tall, narrow, five- or six-story high buildings that lined the winding streets on the le de la Cit and other medieval quarters of the city. [8], The losses of the century of war were enormous, particularly owing to the plague (the Black Death, usually considered an outbreak of bubonic plague), which arrived from Italy in 1348, spreading rapidly up the Rhne valley and thence across most of the country: it is estimated that a population of some 1820million in modern-day France at the time of the 1328 hearth tax returns had been reduced 150 years later by 50 percent or more. The latest technology was featured, such as cinemas and exhibits of inventions such as X-ray machines (that could be used to fit shoes) and the gramophone. [210] Another study in 2012 grouped Paris with New York, London, and Tokyo as the four leading global cities. Its church was rebuilt in the 11th century. An excellent monographic study, particularly illuminating on events outside of Paris and during the often-neglected years . the concerned branches, the fall in profits were strong in 1848; business recovery remained vacillating until 1852; the collapse of many banks in 1848 strained firms' balance sheets even more, because banks required a speedy repayment of their debts. [55] Cortona also designed the first Renaissance church in Paris, the church of Saint-Eustache (1532) by covering a Gothic structure with flamboyant Renaissance detail and decoration. Equally huge crowds welcomed President Woodrow Wilson to the Htel de Ville on 16 December. On the Right Bank, the wall extended for 2.8 kilometers, with forty towers to protect the new neighbourhoods of the growing medieval city. His effort to please the assembly probably derived from his hope that the assembly would reciprocate: he wanted funds from the treasury to pay his personal debts and run his household, along with a constitutional amendment that would allow him to run for a second term. [203][204] In 2013 it hosted the world headquarters of 29 Fortune Global 500 companies, mostly in banking, finance, insurance and business services. d the payment of its dividend and interest on its loan on March 8, 1848; it suspended payment to suppliers; but it delivered acknowledgement of indebtedness before it succeeded in issuing "circulation bonds" to pay wages, which somewhat dried up a little the exigencies on the outflow of its capital. The remains of the writer were placed in the Panthon, formerly the church of Saint-Genevive, which had been turned into a mausoleum for great Frenchmen during the Revolution of 1789, then turned back into a church in April 1816, during the Bourbon Restoration. Radical Republicans dominated the Paris municipal elections of 1878, winning 75 of the 80 municipal council seats. The state's ability to ma This, in addition to a long-standing dispute over the rights to Gascony in the south of France, and the relationship between England and the Flemish cloth towns, led to the Hundred Years' War of 13371453. [25] Beginning in 305 AD, the name Lutetia was replaced on milestones by Civitas Parisiorum, or "City of the Parisii". It is located in the Parc de la Villette in the 19th arrondissement. [24] In 1823, the Trienio Liberal revolt in Spain led to a French intervention on the royalists' side, which permitted King Ferdinand VII of Spain to abolish the Constitution of 1812. neuver remained to be restored However, the rest of Europe would not stand for his ambitions in Spain, and so the long War of the Spanish Succession began (17011714), a mere three years after the War of the Grand Alliance, (16881697, aka "War of the League of Augsburg") had just concluded. West Francia 843987 Pei in the courtyard. The assembly turned to General Louis-Eugne Cavaignac as a saviour. rash. It was held on both sides of the Seine at the Champ de Mars and the Colline de Chaillot. uld try to help troubled industries, in particular the railway companies. The center of the city became more and more crowded; building lots became smaller and buildings taller, up to four, five and even six stories. [52] When the English left Paris in 1436, Charles VII was finally able to return. . French Revolution | History, Summary, Timeline, Causes, & Facts The old fortifications surrounding the city were useless and torn down in the 1920s. Other popular exhibits included the first musical fountain, lit with colored electric lights, changing in time to music. Bailly, the first Mayor of Paris, was guillotined the following November at the Champ de Mars. Thus, by the quasi-deflationist choice, the conservative majority managed the crisis in the public finance. The Exposition coincided with the 1900 Paris Olympics, the first time that the Olympic games were held outside of Greece. On 29 March 1918, one shell struck the Church of Saint-Gervais and killed 88 persons. [179], The worldwide Great Depression hit home in 1931 and brought with it hardships and a more somber mood in Paris. On 13 July, a crowd of Parisians occupied the Htel de Ville, and the Marquis de Lafayette organized the French National Guard to defend the city. The old nobility was replaced by urban bourgeoisie, and the working class was excluded from voting. Henri Matisse's two versions of The Dance signified a key point in his career and in the development of modern painting.[149]. The Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "Capital of France", 4 letters crossword clue. Paris : The Capital City Of France | Interesting Facts About Paris [188], The first demonstration against the Occupation took place by Paris students on 11 November 1940. The July Monarchy ( French: Monarchie de Juillet) was a liberal constitutional monarchy in France ruled by Louis Philippe I. The outbreak of the First World War in August 1914 saw patriotic demonstrations on the Place de la Concorde and at the Gare de l'Est and Gare du Nord as the mobilized soldiers departed for the front. Banks were caught between the deposits' withdrawals and the immobilization of bills of credit Napoleon III had the goal of overtaking London to make Paris the premier financial center of the world, but the war in 1870-71 hit finance hard and sharply reduced the range of the financial influence of Paris. In the 19th century, Napoleon embellished the city with monuments to military glory. Hubert Bonin An early version of the Gare Saint-Lazare was begun in 1842, and the first lines Paris-Orlans and Paris-Rouen were inaugurated on 1 and 2 May 1843. July Monarchy. It lasted from the 1848 Revolution to the 1851 coup by which the president made himself Emperor Napoleon III and started the Second Empire. It greatly speeded the movement of people inside the city and became a model for other cities. Roman Empire 27 BCAD 395 Paris suffered greatly during the wars of religion of the 16th century; a third of the Parisians fled, many houses were destroyed, and the grand projects of the Louvre, the Htel de Ville, and the Tuileries Palace were unfinished. Wolfe, M. (2005). [184] The city's conqueror, Adolf Hitler, arrived on June 24, visited various tourist sites and paid homage at Napoleon's tomb.[183]. He was married to an Austrian archduchess, Marie Antoinette. [3] In parallel, France developed its first colonial empire in Asia, Africa, and in the Americas. Hoarding and profiteering were evils that citizens should organize to combat. Because of the sharp divisions between monarchists and . The Acadmie Franaise, modelled after the academies of Italian Renaissance princes, was created in 1635 by Cardinal Richelieu. New forms of address were required:Monsieur and Madame were replaced by Citoyen ("citizen") and Citoyenne ("citizeness"), and the formal vous ("you") was replaced by the more proletarian tu. Despite the improvement in Bank of France liquid assets, its discount in 1851 was still one-third lower than in 1847. A cholera epidemic in the overcrowded center in 1848 killed twenty thousand people. Saint-Eustache (1532), the first Renaissance church in Paris. On 15 June 1722, distrustful of the turbulence in Paris, the regent moved the court back to Versailles. Inside the Louvre, his architect Louis Le Vau and his decorator Charles Le Brun created the Gallery of Apollo, the ceiling of which featured an allegoric figure of the young king steering the chariot of the sun across the sky. [94] In response to the threat from the Prussians, on 10 August the leaders of the sans-culottes deposed the Paris city government and established their own government, the Insurrectionary Commune, in the Htel-de-Ville. Many of the monuments on the Left Bank were abandoned, and the stones used to build a wall around the le de la Cit, the first city wall of Paris. n February and April, a bank crash involved two hundred fifty suspensions of payment by banks. [73], Louis XIV died on 1 September 1715. [103], A small group of scholars and historians collected statues and paintings from the demolished churches, and made a storeroom of the old Couvent des Petits-Augustins, in order to preserve them. Pre-Columbian History of Martinique Furthermore, in 1850-51, the economic recovery tended to increase tax collections. On 14 March 1594, Henry IV entered Paris, after having been crowned King of France at the Cathedral of Chartres on 27 February 1594. [206], The Paris region received 32.3 million visitors in 2013. The poorer students lived in colleges (Collegia pauperum magistrorum), which were hotels where they were lodged and fed. Financial problems plagued the government, which sought a solution by imposing a special 45-centime surtax on each franc of direct property taxes; this burden weighed most heavily on the peasantry and was bitterly resented in the countryside. ", Rachel Anne Gillett, "Jazz women, gender politics, and the francophone Atlantic,". They all more or less resemble temples. The ateliers nationaux satisfied no one: for the radicals they were a mere caricature of social reform, whereas for the moderates they were a wasteful and dangerous experiment that attracted thousands of unemployed to Paris from every corner of France. The Bank of France, addressed the problem of cash flow; it increased the forced rate by the issuing small value bank-notes in denominations of a hundred francs instead of five hundred francs, as well as extending even further the date of payment; it asked for the opening o First French Empire 1815 23 March - Treaty of Concordia 17 May - Battle of Zusmarshausen 20 August - Battle of Lens Births. What he possessed, however, was a namea name that Frenchmen knew and that conveyed an aura of glory, power, and public order. It was finished in time for the 1900 Universal Exposition. Upon Louis XV's death, his grandson Louis XVI became king. The war was even more catastrophic. Revolutionary life was centered around political clubs. The suburbs began to expand considerably, with the construction of large social estates known as cits and the beginning of La Dfense, the business district. Bordeaux (June 1940), the government was relocated from Paris to Tours then Bordeaux very briefly during World War II, when it became apparent that Paris would soon fall into German hands. The Treaty of Verdun of 843 divided the Carolingian Empire into three parts, with Charles the Bald ruling over West Francia, the nucleus of what would develop into the kingdom of France. The Grande Arche in La Dfense was also finished in 1989, a massive hollow cube-shaped building 112 metres high that completed the long perspective from the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel through the Place de la Concorde and the Champs lyses. The novel describes merchandising, management techniques, marketing, and consumerism. At the beginning of the Middle Ages, the royal residence was on the le de la Cit. [131][132] Throughout the 19th century, the amount of industry and number of workers increased. On 13 August, Louis XVI and his family were imprisoned in the Temple fortress. The government and parliament did not return to the city from Versailles until 1879, although the Senate returned earlier to its seat in the Luxembourg Palace. Like the bourgeois stores, it helped transform consumption from a business transaction into a direct relationship between consumer and sought-after goods. This restoration King, Louis XVIII, alienated opinion due to his absolutist tendencies and his . The avenues de la Reine-Hortense, Josphine and Roi-de-Rome were renamed Hoche, Marceau and Klber, after generals who served during the period of the French Revolution. The study ranked Paris first in terms of quality of life, and accessibility; third in cultural life, sixth in terms of economy, and seventh in research and development. Barricades went up in many working-class sections. Roman Catholic Pope Pius IX is restored in Rome in 1849, and the Education Bill of 1850 greatly favors the Church. Under Louis XIII, two small islands in the Seine, the le Notre-Dame and the le-aux-vaches, which had been used for grazing cattle and storing firewood, were combined to form the le Saint-Louis, which became the site of the splendid htels particuliers of Parisian financiers. It was another reminder of Florence, a long promenade lined with eighteen hundred elm trees. The Catholic Church and Parisians built many great churches, including Notre Dame and Sainte Chapelle. Each of the twelve arrondissements had its own mayor, but their power was limited to enforcing the decrees of Napoleon's ministers. The importance of guilds of craftsmen was reflected in the gesture of the city government to adapt its coat of arms, featuring a ship, from the symbol of the guild of the boatmen. They felt that the modernizing operations of the 1960s and 1970s had failed to reverse the declining quality of life, and that the capital had a diminished "lustre" and influence abroad. [119], The ashes of Napoleon were returned to Paris from Saint Helena in a solemn ceremony on 15 December 1840 at the Invalides. By 1750, there were more than ten thousand carriages for hire in Paris, the first Paris taxis. King Louis XII rarely visited Paris, but he rebuilt the old wooden Pont Notre Dame, which had collapsed on 25 October 1499. eased debt and their working capital. They are now on display at the Carnavalet Museum. [31] Louis Philippe appointed notable bourgeois as Prime Minister, like banker Casimir Prier, academic Franois Guizot, general Jean-de-Dieu Soult, and thus obtained the nickname of "Citizen King" (Roi-Citoyen).