Many new residents in Florida were elderly and as a result the average age in Florida would increase from 28.8 in 1950 to 39.3 by 2000. This resulted in about $500million worth of damage, predominately in the Florida Keys.[121]. military outpost and 70% of the populace was on the Royal payroll. Since the Spanish Crown refused to This is fair enough. Tourists continued to arrive in Florida by train. In 1698, the Council of the Indies That was one-fifth of their population in 1900. Florida's LSTA program is administered by the Department of State's Division of Library and Information Services. friars and 400 active converts, most outside St. Augustine. The Council also served as Supreme Court in legal disputes. Governors, including Menendez, had a military background or previous colonial iStock Teachers often ignore the Spanish colonization of Florida. North America's Indigenous peoples preserved their cultures and dignity through this period, despite facing violent dispossession by the colonists; enslaved Africans did as well, amid the . They settled in a buffer community north of St. Augustine, called Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose, the first settlement made of free black people in North America. Casta painting (Mexico, 18th century). [103], Like other states in the South, Florida had many African-American leaders who were active in the civil rights movement. Various conquistadors attempted development in East Florida, and while there were some sporadic, short-term success stories, colonization in East Florida was not successful during the first Spanish period (1565-1763). The English struck upon the idea of indentured servitude to solve the labor problem in Virginia. To describe the wrecks of the 1715 and 1733 treasure fleets and consider how these disasters impacted Spain; 4. Hernando de Soto came in 1539, landing somewhere between Fort Myers and Tampa, and led another disastrous expedition, this time through western Florida. Smith, Roger C. "Pensacola's Tristn de Luna shipwreck: a Look at the Archaeological Evidence." The Peace of Paris (1783) ended the Revolutionary War and returned all of Florida to Spanish control, but without specifying the boundaries. The 1755 Lisbon earthquake triggered a tsunami that would have struck Central Florida with an estimated 1.5-meter (4ft 11in) wave. The Agricultural grew during the postwar years and even outpaced the growth of tourism in the state until 1965 when Walt Disney announced the creation of Walt Disney World. The emergent landmass of Florida was Orange Island, a low-relief island sitting atop the carbonate Florida Platform which emerged about 34 to 28 million years ago. It was due in part from strains of rapid social and economic changes, as well as competition for jobs, and lingering resentment resulting from the Reconstruction after the Civil War, as well as tensions among both black and white populations created by the return of black veterans. the state. The English, also eager to exploit the wealth of the Americas, increasingly came into conflict with Spain's expanding empire. In 1771, Governor John Moultrie wrote to the Board of Trade that "it has been a practice for a good while past, for negroes to run away from their Masters, and get into the Indian towns, from whence it proved very difficult to get them back." Long-term scientific attention has focused on the fragility of the Everglades. The salt marsh mosquito does not lay its eggs in standing water, preferring moist sand or mud instead. [56] In spite of the state's relatively small population, Florida did send several units to fight up north, most notably the 1st Florida, the 8th Florida and the 3rd Florida Infantry Regiment. Therefore, Union forces operated a naval blockade around the entire state, and Union troops occupied major ports such as Cedar Key, Jacksonville, Key West, and Pensacola. resented interference from the Diocese of Cuba Florida was under colonial rule by Spain from the 16th century to the 19th century, and briefly by Great Britain during the 18th century (17631783). Soldiers began arriving on June 24, 1898. They were volunteers, mostly from the southern states. It caused over $20 billion in damage in Florida. [59], The moderate regime plunged into complicated maneuvering and infighting. He built [citation needed], By 1920, Florida had the highest rate of lynchings per capita,[64] although the overall total had declined. [91] In the years leading up to World War II, 100 ships were sunk off the coast of Florida. On March 3, 1513, Juan Ponce de Len organized and equipped three ships for an expedition departing from "Punta Aguada," Puerto Rico. Every 16th century Spanish expedition to Florida included Africans, both free and enslaved. The Viceroy of New Spain paid the situado until 1714, when The Franciscans often adopted Indian customs The Spanish subsequently ceded Florida to the United States in a treaty that was ratified in 1821, and in 1832 the Seminole were made to accept a treaty that called for their removal to Oklahoma. forts, on Biscayne Bay, Charlotte Harbor, Tampa This history would indeed enrich the sense of ownership of our countrys destiny for many Americans. when no rich nobleman could be located. Phillips, Ulrich Bonnell, and James David Glunt, eds. court, the Governor was frequently required to settle minor disputes. The construction of forts was the most costly item in the colonial budget. They have three federally recognized tribes: the largest is the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma, formed of descendants since removal in the 1830s; others are the smaller Seminole Tribe of Florida and the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida. Hernando de Soto landed in Florida in 1539 and began a multi-year trek through what is now the southeastern United States in which he found no gold and lost his life. property of the Spanish Crown and all appointments and decisions belonged to On the Gulf side, Pensacola was barely more than a few wooden allowed the missionary priests complete independence to operate their system. from the New Spain (Mexico). Florida's first theme parks were developed in the 1930s and included Cypress Gardens (1936) near Winter Haven, and Marineland (1938) near St. Augustine. The Company Florida would the soil was sandy. rich colonies in the system, the viceroy regarded Florida as an impoverished backwater not From 1885 to 1889, after regaining power, the white-dominated state legislature passed statutes to impose poll taxes and other barriers to voter registration and voting, to eliminate voting by black people and poor whites. The cost of Florida was paid to the Governor in the form [95][96], The population increased by 46% during the 1940s.[93]. . [114], Consistent with usage throughout the country, more than 51% of homes in Florida in 2015 use mobile phones or wireless only. Church by lecture and rote memory. Where is the Seminole Tribe now? To improve matters, a town council or After Jackson's incursions, Spain decided that Florida had become too much of a burden, as it could not afford to send settlers or garrisons to properly occupy the land and was receiving very little revenue from the territory. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Book links take you to the record of the item in the library catalog, where you can find out more information, search for books similar to it, or place a hold on the item if you are alibrary cardholder. The Spanish established missions throughout the colony to convert Native Americans to Catholicism. He was mortally wounded near there in 1521 by the indigenous Calusa and died later the same year in Havana, Cuba. Tallahassee, Florida 32399-0250, Division of Library and Information Services. and three years if they came from another colony. The process was extremely divisive, and led to calls for electoral reform in Florida. During the 1970s and 1980s Asian-Americans would end up becoming the largest foreign-born group of people in Florida. [29] They converted 26,000 natives by 1655, but a revolt in 1656 and an epidemic in 1659 proved devastating. and Mexico. Detail from Baptista Boazio's depiction of Sir Francis Drake'sraid on Saint Augustine on May 28 and 29, 1586. Spanish Colonial St. Augustine - Teacher Resources Collections of Interest Joseph Byrne Lockey Documents Relating to Florida History Edward W. Lawson Collection Heloise H. Cruzat Papers Marie Taylor Greenslade Papers Elizabeth Howard West Papers Father Charles W. Spellman Copies of Collections from Other Institutions Its first governor was William Dunn Moseley. [citation needed] Not being able to vote meant they could not sit on juries, and were not elected to local, state or federal offices. On March 3, 1845, Florida became the 27th state of the United States of America. funds for clothing, shoes, and supplies. Spanish gold flotilla sailed along the Atlantic coast. History of Juan Ponce de Len's Voyages to Floridf; Source Records. The indigenous peoples of Florida lived in what is now known as Florida for more than 12,000 years before the time of first contact with Europeans. Neither Spain nor Britain maintained a large military or civilian population. This conflict within the Church was The Enterprise of Florida: Pedro Menndez de Avils and the Spanish Conquest of 1565-1568. The transfer was negotiated as part of the AdamsOns Treaty, which also settled several boundary disputes between Spanish colonies and the U.S. in exchange for American payment of $5,000,000 in claims against the Spanish government. Missions in northern Florida, such as those at St. Augustine and Apalachee (present-day Tallahassee), survived for many years. divided into two districts, New Spain (Mexico) and Peru, each with a viceroy selected by the king. [70], In 1900, Florida was largely agricultural and frontier; most Floridians lived within 50 miles of the Georgia border. Subsequent recount efforts degenerated into arguments over mispunched ballots, "hanging chads", and controversial decisions by Florida Secretary of State Katherine Harris and the Florida Supreme Court. To improve Rather than seeking fodder for might have beens or rival alternative models to the United States, this history could be used to provide many Americans of Cuban, Mexican, and Puerto Rican ancestry a sense of their continuity and contribution to the making of this great nation. Two earlier Spanish colonial settlements have yet to be found - those of Juan Ponce de Len near Fort Myers, Florida, in 1521 and of Lucas Vzquez de Aylln near Brunswick, Georgia, in 1526. How can PBS do that? the missions in the fertile Alachua and Apalachee regions. developed by Franciscans around Because the conquistadors can be presented as a preferred alternative to the apparently awful reality we have had instead for the past 453 years. [15]:12,82 Other tribes in Florida at the time of first contact included the Ais, Calusa, Jaega, Mayaimi, Tequesta, and Tocobaga. Juan Ponce de Len, a famous Spanish conqueror and explorer, is usually given credit for being the first European to sight Florida in 1513, but he probably had predecessors. Menndez de Avils and la Florida: Chronicles of His Expedition. Separate railroad cars or sections of cars for different races were required beginning in 1887. Around 50,000 of these were African Americans. The back and forth between France and Spain from 1500 to 1600 to gain control over what is modern-day Flordia had a huge impact on the southeast of the United States. the Atlantic coast line. The Orlando area became an international resort and convention destination, featuring a wide variety of themed parks. There were an estimated 150,000 speakers of dialects of the Timucua language, but the Timucua were organized as groups of villages and did not share a common culture. Floridas cultural contours today may be influenced by the colonial period, but a much better case can be made for the descendants of Juan de Oate and his followers. By Royal edict, Florida In 1528 Pnfilo de Narvez landed on the shores of Tampa Bay with more than 400 men, intent on learning how this land was connected to Mexico. [1] They left behind artifacts and archeological evidence. But diversity was probably not uppermost on the minds of people who had just expelled all Muslim and Jews from their land. He also gave Florida its name, which means "full of flowers. They sought better lives, including decent-paying jobs, better education for their children, and the chance to vote and participate in political life. States Ranked by Population", "Normalized Hurricane Damage in the United States: 19002005", "Trends in Hurricane Impacts in the United States", "Crist wants ag disaster declared in Florida", "Scientist:Fish counts suffer from 'perception issue', "Floridians continue pulling plug on landlines", "Florida boater bore brunt of hurricanes", Independence of Spanish continental Americas, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France, Colonial universities in Hispanic America, Law of coartacin (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Florida&oldid=1165858031, History of the Southern United States by state, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022, Articles with disputed statements from February 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023, Articles lacking reliable references from March 2023, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0. Flag of Spanish conquistadors with the crown of Castile on a red flag, used by Hernn Corts, Francisco Pizarro and others Spanish and Portuguese empires in 1790 Part of a series on European colonization of the Americas First wave Sugarcane cultivation would begin to grow significantly in that area after the United States placed an embargo on Cuban sugar in 1959[100] (Cuba was the main supplier of sugar to the United States)[101][bettersourceneeded] and repealed the Sugar Act's limits on domestic production. In 1579 the Spanish Two decades later, on March 3, 1845, Florida was admitted to the Union as the 27th U.S. state. Known as the. So, he made a calculated decisioneither kill these people or be killed by them.. Menndez: Pedro Menndez de Avils, Captain General of the Ocean Sea. Spanish colonization of the Florida peninsula began at St. Augustine in 1565. had a long history of dedicated leaders. [50]:156 The treaty was signed in 1819 and took effect in 1821, and the United States formally took possession of Florida on July 17, 1821. The Spanish colonists enjoyed a brief period of relative stability before Florida came under attack from. [60], A state convention was held in 1868 to rewrite the constitution. Although their murders were not solved then, a state investigation in 2006 reported they had been killed by an independent unit of the Ku Klux Klan. thousand soldiers and settlers. [69] Tampa would serve as an embarkation port for troops heading to Cuba. Much of South Florida's sensitive vegetation was severely damaged. The native-born priests ran the missions and As programs were expanded and employees joined, the space program generated a huge boom in the communities around Cape Canaveral. [50]:476477, The population of Asian-Americans increased in Florida during the postwar years, growing from 1,142 counted by the US Census Bureau in 1950 to 154,302 by 1990. The U.S. government is estimated to have spent between $20million ($606,482,759 in 2022 dollars) and $40million ($1,212,965,517 in 2022 dollars) on the war; at the time, this was considered a large sum. settlement at St. Augustine and since he could keep the The free black and Indigenous slaves, Black Seminoles, living near St. Augustine, fled to Havana, Cuba to avoid coming under US control. Florida was part of and the. In 2000 Congress authorized the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP) at $8billion. This created more urbanization along that corridor. of Trade (Casa de Contratacion), which financed all missions and handled defeat of the French was to gain the friendship of the native Floridians. La Florida - The Interactive Digital Archive, The East Florida Papers at the Library of Congress, Additional Manuscripts, Indexes, and Microfilm Sets at the Yonge Library, This page uses Google Analytics Bay, and St. Lucie Inlet. [30], Throughout the 17th century, English settlers in Virginia and Carolina gradually pushed the boundaries of Spanish territory south, while the French settlements along the Mississippi River encroached on the western borders of the Spanish claim. In 1832, the United States government signed the Treaty of Payne's Landing with some of the Seminole chiefs, promising them lands west of the Mississippi River if they agreed to leave Florida voluntarily. "Space Rush: Local Impact of Federal Aerospace Programs on Brevard and Surrounding Counties". Walls." Their descendants survive to this day, as does the name New Smyrna. [32], During this period, the British (including their North American colonies) repeatedly attacked Spanish Florida, especially in 1702 and again in 1740, when a large force under James Oglethorpe sailed south from Georgia and besieged St. Augustine, but was unable to capture the Castillo de San Marcos. junta of town and military leaders helped solve problems. The fort did not prevent the city When Seminole leader Osceola and a group of his followers refused to give up their land, a series of violent conflicts erupted that came to be known by the white community as the Second Seminole War (183542). Nearly 125 years before the Emancipation Proclamationin 1738a colony of 100 former slaves had already been given their freedom and their own land in Spanish La Florida. Florida was a the gold fleets. As a Crown colony, the If you do not want your e-mail address released in response to a public records request, do not send electronic mail to this entity. [99], Dramatic changes would also be seen economically in Florida. In the winter of 1566, Menendez took a small fleet around Spanish to finance a massive fort, Fort San The impact of this settlement was slight . As governor, he would manage to implement social welfare programs while simultaneously expanding the amount of tax revenue received by the state government and getting it out of debt. Teachers often ignore the Spanish colonization of Florida. Florida Territory became an organized territory of the United States on March 30, 1822. places. in Augustine. he was also obligated to develop a mission system. Taught correctly, it could instill patriotism in many Americans. The French would, therefore, cut off La Florida Along the coast, the Spanish established St. Augustine which became an important port for ships. an army of 1200 militia against St. In 1719, the French captured the Spanish settlement at Pensacola. Ron DeSantis, Governor as their headquarters, because the neighboring Guale Indians were congenial and influential. Violence of whites against black people continued into the post-World War II period, and there were lynchings and riots in several small towns in the early 1920s. Miles ordered a base built in Miami despite earlier rejections by a board of officers. The Learning Objectives Identify the main Spanish American colonial settlements of the 1500s and 1600s, and the motives for establishing them Describe the economic, political, and social circumstances of Spanish colonization in the Americas Figure 1. Western colonialism - Western colonialism - Spanish Empire, New World, Colonization: Only gradually did the Spaniards realize the possibilities of America. Ponce de Len and the Discovery of Florida: the Man, the Myth, and the Truth. The most successful farms were In 2017, 50,000 vessels were damaged by Hurricane Irma. This piece originally appeared in The Federalist. In remarks Thursday, Harris blasted efforts in some states to ban books and "push forward . St. years of mistreatment by conquistadores, the Indians had reason to fear the These hordes of Frenchmen could overwhelm his forces at almost any time. Submit a public records request. The following November, state voters repealed Florida's constitutional ban on liquor and gave local governments the power to legalize or outlaw alcoholic beverages. (The religious rivalry didnt extend to the fledgling nation.) In 1564, Ren Goulaine de Laudonnire founded Fort Caroline in what is now Jacksonville, as a haven for Huguenot Protestant refugees from religious persecution in France. However, it remained a colony of little importance for Spain. Havana The Spanish, for example, enslaved the Native American in regions under their control. Florida and much of the nearby coast is depicted in the Cantino planisphere, an early world map which was surreptitiously copied in 1502 from the most current Portuguese sailing charts and smuggled into Italy a full decade before Ponce sailed north from Puerto Rico on his voyage of exploration. On his return trip, he visited Sanford and Winter Park. Just as most residents of Spanish Florida had left when Britain gained possession of the territory in 1763, the impending return to Spanish control in 1783 saw a vast exodus of those who had settled in the area over the previous twenty years. For example, in the June primaries of 1922, the Klan had winning candidates for several offices throughout Volusia County. The Governor was still responsible for It would follow the same trend as many residents moving to the state were from the Midwest and Northeastern US. The expedition included 200 people, including women and free black people. If we were taught this more, the professor says, the United States would have been better off, perhaps because it would more resemble Latin America. With an increase in population and more water available, the people occupied many more locations, as evidenced by numerous artifacts. These have resulted in higher risks and property damage as the concentration of population and development has increased along Florida's coastal areas. [53] They killed or mortally wounded all but one of the 110 troops. Flagler's railroad connected cities on the east coast of Florida. was up to Menendez to interest investors in such projects.
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