Robert L. Dear Jr. beat his ex-wifes head against the floor years before he killed three people at a Planned Parenthood clinic in Colorado Springs in 2015. Luca, Malhotra, and Poliquin (2020) evaluated the association of mass public shooting occurrence in states with subsequent legislative activity related to firearms. 125. In addition to Buffalo and Uvalde, Texas, there was a mass shooting at a supermarket in Boulder, Colo., in March 2021 that the police said was carried out by a 21-year-old man; a massacre by what authorities said was a 21-year-old gunman targeting Hispanic shoppers at a Walmart in El Paso in August 2019 that resulted in 23 deaths; a school shooting in Santa Fe, Texas, in which a 17-year-old student is accused of killing eight students and two teachers in May 2018; and the killing of 17 people at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Fla., in February 2018 by a 19-year-old former student. People Are Using It Anyway,. Evans, William N., and Maciej H. Kotowski, The Demand for Protection and the Persistently High Rates of Gun Violence Among Young Black Males, National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No. If men vastly outnumber women as mass shooters, those perpetrators are often a model for the next male shooters, who "see themselves in them," Peterson said, a phenomenon that she noted is particularly true among young, white men. Data sources that combine information across media reports and law enforcement administrative datafor example, the Gun Violence Archive, the Mass Shooter Database, the Everytown for Gun Safety Support Fund mass shootings database, and the AP/USA TODAY/Northeastern University Mass Killings databaseare likely to be more complete, particularly in measuring incidents over a longer historical time frame. Many news headlines suggest instead that white males account for most mass shootings. Cherney, Samantha, Andrew R. Morral, Terry L. Schell, and Sierra Smucker. We compared the antecedents of K-12 shootings, college/university shootings, and other mass shootings. The Police as Problem-Busters,, Edwards, Griffin, Erik Nesson, Joshua J. Robinson, and Fredrick Vars, Looking Down the Barrel of a Loaded Gun: The Effect of Mandatory Handgun Purchase Delays on Homicide and Suicide,, Ehrlich, Isaac, and Tetsuya Saito, Taxing Guns vs. Taxing Crime: An Application of the Market for Offenses Model,, Elbogen, Eric B., and Sally C. Johnson, The Intricate Link Between Violence and Mental Disorder: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions,, Elder, Randy W., Briana Lawrence, Aneeqah Ferguson, Timothy S. Naimi, Robert D. Brewer, Sajal K. Chattopadhyay, Traci L. Toomey, Jonathan E. Fielding, and Task Force on Community Preventive Services, The Effectiveness of Tax Policy Interventions for Reducing Excessive Alcohol Consumption and Related Harms,, Elsass, H. Jaymi, Jaclyn Schildkraut, and Mark C. Stafford, Studying School Shootings: Challenges and Considerations for Research,. Measure 114 trial: Deadliest mass shootings often have 1 thing in Overview and forecasts on trending topics, Industry and market insights and forecasts, Key figures and rankings about companies and products, Consumer and brand insights and preferences in various industries, Detailed information about political and social topics, All key figures about countries and regions, Market forecast and expert KPIs for 1000+ markets in 190+ countries & territories, Insights on consumer attitudes and behavior worldwide, Business information on 70m+ public and private companies, Detailed information for 39,000+ online stores and marketplaces. Differences in data collection strategies, in large part, reflect differences in the mass shooting definitions employed (e.g., sources that count nonfatal shooting injuries in their criteria must rely on sources other than the SHR, which captures only fatal injuries), as well as differences in the proposed purpose of the database. Why Isnt The Media Covering This Story? Kleck, Gary, Tomislav Kovandzic, and Mark E. Schaffer, Kleck, G., and E. B. Patterson, The Impact of Gun Control and Gun Ownership Levels on Violence Rates,, Klieve, Helen, Michael Barnes, and Diego De Leo, Controlling Firearms Use in Australia: Has the 1996 Gun Law Reform Produced the Decrease in Rates of Suicide with This Method?, Klieve, H., J. Sveticic, and D. De Leo, Who Uses Firearms as a Means of Suicide? And the second is how many of the mass shooters had previously diagnosed instability. Most White Americans Do,, Sarani, Babak, Cheralyn Hendrix, Mary Matecki, Jordan Estroff, Richard L. Amdur, Bryce R. H. Robinson, Geoff Shapiro, Stephen Gondek, Roger Mitchell, and E. Reed Smith, Wounding Patterns Based on Firearm Type in Civilian Public Mass Shootings in the United States,, Saunders, J., P. Hunt, and J. S. Hollywood, Predictions Put into Practice: A Quasi-Experimental Evaluation of Chicagos Predictive Policing Pilot,, Saunders, J., A. Ober, D. Barnes-Proby, and R. K. Brunson, Police Legitimacy and Disrupting Overt Drug Markets,. Exactly 50 percent of all killings in 2020, the last year comprehensive data is available, were committed by assailants under 30, according to the F.B.I.s uniform crime data tracking system. "Men just are generally more violent," said the group's president, Jillian Peterson, a forensic psychologist and professor of criminology and criminal justice at Hamline University. The week was the deadliest for mass shootings and fatalities this year, whichever way one chooses to count them. As of May 13, 2019: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Expanded Homicide Data Table 15: Justifiable Homicide, by Weapon, Private Citizen, 20132017, webpage, Crime in the United States 2017, 2018c. Whites and African Americans of course can and do attack each other, but they are the exception, not the rule. Answer (1 of 3): There are two questions here. Police, Black Churches, and the Resurgence of Youth Violence in Boston,, Braga, A. Thus, various news outlets, researchers, and law enforcement agencies often use different definitions when reporting on mass shootings, which can complicate our understanding of mass shooting trends and their relationship to gun policy. Vince, Joseph J., Timothy Wolfe, and Layton Field, Violano, Pina, Cassandra Driscoll, Neil K. Chaudhary, Kevin M. Schuster, Kimberly A. Davis, Esther Borer, Jane K. Winters, and Michael P. Hirsh, Gun Buyback Programs: A Venue to Eliminate Unwanted Guns in the Community,. As of August 31, 2022: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Table 28: Law Enforcement Officers Feloniously Killed, Type of Weapon, 20102019, webpage, Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted, 2020d. Vigdor, E. R., and J. Whats become clear over the past 30 years of research is that theres virtually always a personal grievance that will start a person on a pathway to mass murder, Dr. J. Reid Meloy, a forensic psychologist who consults on threat assessment for universities and corporations, said in 2015. Cantor, D., Substantive Implications of Longitudinal Design Features: The National Crime Survey as a Case Study, in D. Kasprzyk, G. Duncan, G. Kalton, and M. P. Singh, eds., Capellan, Joel Alfredo, and Alexei Anisin, A Distinction Without a Difference? Smucker, Sierra, Max Griswold, Amanda Charbonneau, Rose Kerber, Terry L. Schell, and Andrew R. Morral, Smucker, Sierra, Rose E. Kerber, and Philip J. Cook, Suicide and Additional Homicides Associated with Intimate Partner Homicide: North Carolina 20042013,. In the wake of these incidents, we often hear no one could have seen this coming, or this person just snapped." 79, 2015b, pp. 1% by religious hatred, and 7% by misogyny. Just holding a gun gave you guts.. Ramchand, Rajeev, and Jessica Saunders, The Effects of the 1996 National Firearms Agreement in Australia on Suicide, Homicide, and Mass Shootings, in Rajeev Ramchand and Jessica Saunders, eds., Rangappa, Asha, The Cost of Freedom: Using the Tax Power to Limit Personal Arsenals,. Then you see the build toward hopelessness, despair, isolation, self-loathing, oftentimes rejection from peers. Gun control or mental health. Learn more about how Statista can support your business. Densley: There are two pieces. Under both definitions anddatasets, white menhave committed more mass shootings than any other ethnicity group. Another third were sparked by arguments, often among people who were drunk or high. Peterson: Then we really need resources at institutions like schools. POLITICO talked to Peterson and Densely from their offices in St. Paul, Minn., about how our national understanding about mass shooters has to evolve, why using terms like monster is counterproductive, and why political talking points about mental health need to be followed up with concrete action. It is hard to predict which individuals will actually become violent. Mass shootings occur worldwide but are a particular problem in the United States. Its a growing problem.. "There are many theories as to why that is.". In, Mother Jones. Before 2013, a mass shooting was defined as any single attack in a public place with four or more fatalities. California reels from back-to-back shootings that killed 18 Another strand of research has described the types of firearms used in mass shooting incidents and the extent to which variation in weapon choice relates to the lethality of the incident. Even when a more restrictive casualty threshold of four or more fatally injured victims (excluding the shooter) is imposed, empirical evidence on trends in these incidents varies depending on whether the motivation of the shooter is included as a criterion for considering an event a mass shooting. He did not. (2020). Cook, Philip J., Harold A. Pollack, and Kailey White, Cook, P. J., H. A. Pollack, and K. White, The Last Link: From Gun Acquisition to Criminal Use,, Cook, Philip J., Ariadne E. Rivera-Aguirre, Magdalena Cerd, and Garen Wintemute, Constant Lethality of Gunshot Injuries from Firearm Assault: United States, 20032012,, Cordner, G., and E. P. Biebel, ProblemOriented Policing in Practice,, Corrigan, P. W., and A. C. Watson, Findings from the National Comorbidity Survey on the Frequency of Violent Behavior in Individuals with Psychiatric Disorders,, Corsaro, N., More Than Lightning in a Bottle and Far from Ready-Made,, Cox, Georgina R., Christabel Owens, Jo Robinson, Angela Nicholas, Anne Lockley, Michelle Williamson, Yee Tak Derek Cheung, and Jane Pirkis, Interventions to Reduce Suicides at Suicide Hotspots: A Systematic Review,. Other researchers and analysts have noted that many mass shooters have a history of domestic violence. Others have cross-referenced SHR incidents with historical news records and found issues of coding errors in the SHR database that could affect identification of mass shooting incidents (e.g., double counting of victims or incidents, misclassifying a nonfatal injury as a fatal injury) (Duwe, 2000). Crime Prevention Research Center, Updated: Mass Public Shootings Keep Occurring in Gun-Free Zones: 94% of Attacks Since 1950, June 15, 2018a. Duwe, Grant, The Patterns and Prevalence of Mass Public Shootings in the United States, 19152013, in Laura C. Wilson, ed., Duwe, Grant, Patterns and Prevalence of Lethal Mass Violence,, Duwe, Grant, Tomislav Kovandzic, and Carlisle E. Moody, The Impact of Right-to-Carry Concealed Firearm Laws on Mass Public Shootings,, Eck, J. E., and W. Spelman, Who Ya Gonna Call? Piscopo, Kathryn, Rachel N. Lipari, Jennifer Cooney, and Christie Galsheen, Piza, E. L., J. M. Caplan, L. W. Kennedy, and A. M. Gilchrist, The Effects of Merging Proactive CCTV Monitoring with Directed Police Patrol: A Randomized Controlled Trial,, Pizarro, Jesenia M., and April M. Zeoli, An Assessment of the Quality of Homicide Data in the Supplementary Homicide Reports: A Research Note,, Plassmann, Florenz, and T. Nicolaus Tideman, Does the Right to Carry Concealed Handguns Deter Countable Crimes? We have seen this happen before. AllRightsReserved. Thus, there is value in having multiple measurements of mass shootingsbut only if their definitions are clearly and precisely explained and they are used by researchers in a manner appropriate to the analysis. Examining the Causal Pathways Behind Ideologically Motivated Mass Public Shootings,, Capellan, Joel A., and SimonPeter Gomez, Change and Stability in Offender, Behaviours, and IncidentLevel Characteristics of Mass Public Shootings in the United States, 19842015,, Capellan, Joel A., Joseph Johnson, Jeremy R. Porter, and Christine Martin, Disaggregating Mass Public Shootings: A Comparative Analysis of Disgruntled Employee, School, Ideologically Motivated, and Rampage Shooters,, Carbone, Paul S., Conrad J. Clemens, and Thomas M. Ball, Effectiveness of Gun-Safety Counseling and a Gun Lock Giveaway in a Hispanic Community,. article goes into some detail about differing statistical analyses, and I recommend it for an insightful glimpse into just how different methodologieseach as valid as the nextcan result in different numbers. The same study identified romantic or family issues (e.g., divorce, child custody dispute) as a potential contributing stressor or triggering event in 46 percent of familicides, 23 percent of mass public killings, and 4 percent of felony-related mass killings (Fridel, 2017). Its a way for them to show strength if they are bullied, or left out. Schell, Terry L., Beth Ann Griffin, and Andrew R. Morral. United States Code, Title 18, Section 921, Definitions. Cohen, Amy P., Deborah Azrael, and Matthew Miller, Rate of Mass Shootings Has Tripled Since 2011, Harvard Research Shows,. Another tally, with a longer timeline and a different definition of mass shooting, found non-Hispanic whitemen make up 63 percent of these attacks. California Department of Justice, General Notice of Firearm Prohibition and Power of Attorney for Firearms Relinquishment, Sale, or Transfer for Storage, BOF 110, October 2015. Who was this criminal and how could he (usually) have committed such a horrendous and inhumane act? In the previous article I discussed why mass shootings statistics can be contradictory and confusing, especially because of differing definitions of what constitutes a. [5] When such details are known, the SHR database also provides information on victim-offender relationships (e.g., husband or wife, stranger, neighbor)[6] and incident circumstances (e.g., gangland killing, lovers triangle, brawl due to influence of alcohol), which could be used as indicators of familicides and felony-related killings. Implementing broader violence prevention strategies rather than focusing specifically on the most-extreme forms of such violence may be effective at reducing the occurrence and lethality of mass shootings. Even if we set aside the facts that reliance on different data sources over time complicates measurement and that findings can depend on how mass shootings are defined, the relative rarity of mass shooting events makes analysis of trends particularly difficult. America would not exist without the heroism of the young adults who fought and died in our revolutionary army, Judge Ryan Nelson, speaking for a two-to-one majority in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, wrote in an opinion released on May 11, three days before the rampage in Buffalo. As of December 7, 2021: Gill, J. R., and M. Pasquale-Styles, Firearm Deaths by Law Enforcement,, Gilmour, Stuart, Kittima Wattanakamolkul, and Maaya Kita Sugai, The Effect of the Australian National Firearms Agreement on Suicide and Homicide Mortality, 19782015,, Ginwalla, Rashna, Peter Rhee, Randall Friese, Donald J. [16] The use of large-capacity magazines (LCMs) is more common in mass public shootings and high-fatality mass shooting incidents than it is in firearm crimes overall. Given that intimate partner homicides are commonly preceded by prior incidents of nonfatal domestic violence (Campbell et al., 2007), it may be expected that perpetrators of mass shooting familicides commonly have prior histories of domestic violence. identified 111 cases since 1970 that met the F.B.I.s definition for an active-shooter scenario, in which an assailant is actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people, on school property or inside school buildings. Queen, R. Lowry, E. O. Olsen, D. Chyen, L. Whittle, J. Thornton, C. Lim, Y. Yamakawa, N. Brener, and S. Zaza, Youth Risk Behavior SurveillanceUnited States, 2015,, Kann, Laura, Tim McManus, William A. Harris, Shari L. Shanklin, Katherine H. Flint, Barbara Queen, Richard Lowry, David Chyen, Lisa Whittle, Jemekia Thornton, Connie Lim, Denise Bradford, Yoshimi Yamakawa, Michelle Leon, Nancy Brener, and Kathleen A. Ethier, Youth Risk Behavior SurveillanceUnited States, 2017,, Kaplan, M. S., N. Huguet, B. H. McFarland, and J. With the exception of male sex, risk factors that appear to be overrepresented among mass shooters relative to the general population are often still uncommon among offenders on an absolute level. On what needs to happen to prevent mass shootings in the future. These inconsistencies lead to different assessments of how frequently mass shootings occur and whether they are more common now than they were a decade or two ago. The suspect accused of killing 10 people at a Colorado grocery store this week follows a deadly pattern among mass shooters: 98% of perpetrators are male. They are often paranoid, resentful or narcissistic, but not always to the extent that they had been found to have a disorder. United States Code, Title 20, Section 7961, Gun-Free Schools Act. The suspect in the Uvalde massacre was not involved in that plot. The Philadelphia Policing Tactics Experiment,, Grogger, J., The Effects of Civil Gang Injunctions on Reported Violent Crime: Evidence from Los Angeles County,, Grossman, David C., Peter Cummings, Thomas D. Koepsell, Jean Marshall, Luann DAmbrosio, Robert S. Thompson, and Chris Mack, Firearm Safety Counseling in Primary Care Pediatrics: A Randomized, Controlled Trial,, Grossman, D. C., B. During the pandemic, we saw this type of shooting fade away for a number of reasons. Philadelphia City Council, Gun Buyback Events: Save a Life, Turn in a Gun, event promotion, June 25, 2022. You can find, In this part, I examine truths and myths about the demographics of mass shooters, exploring mass shooters by race and gender. In October, investigators worked at a festival grounds across the street from the Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino, after a mass shooting. So, if you have another 18-year-old who is on the edge and watching everything, that could be enough to embolden him to follow. Focusing efforts on implementing public policies that reduce violence more broadly, rather than making policy decisions based only on the most-extreme forms of such violence, may not eliminate mass shootings but may reduce their occurrence and lethality and ultimately save more lives. In addition, the GVA is open-sourced, so anyone can easily confirm the results. These challenges occur, in part, because (1) there are many different definitions for mass shootings, each of which may be useful for a somewhat different purpose; (2) we have incomplete data sources that do not track these events in a consistent manner over time, likely include a biased sample of incidents, and lack the full range of individual and incident characteristics researchers are interested in; and (3) there are statistical limitations inherent in trying to draw inferences from rare and idiosyncratic events. Lott, John R., Jr., and William Landes, Multiple Victim Public Shootings, 2000 (unpublished). They are talking about doing this and telling people theyre suicidal. As of November 14, 2019: Hedegaard, Holly, Sally C. Curtin, and Margaret Warner, Suicide Mortality in the United States, 19992017, National Center for Health Statistics Data Brief, No. Abadie, Alberto, Using Synthetic Controls: Feasibility, Data Requirements, and Methodological Aspects,, Abadie, Alberto, Alexis Diamond, and Jens Hainmueller, Synthetic Control Methods for Comparative Case Studies: Estimating the Effect of Californias Tobacco Control Program,, Abutaleb, Yasmeen, and William Wan, After Trump Blames Mental Illness for Mass Shootings, Health Agencies Ordered to Hold All Posts on Issue,. The hate turns outward. Fact-Checking 6 Myths About The Perpetrators Of Mass Shootings Evaluating Rationale for Participation in Gun Buybacks as a Tool to Encourage Higher Yields,, Kaufman, Elinore J., Christopher N. Morrison, Erik J. Olson, David K. Humphreys, Douglas J. Wiebe, Niels D. Martin, Carrie A. Sims, Mark H. Hoofnagle, C. William Schwab, Patrick M. Reilly, and Mark J. Seamon, Universal Background Checks for Handgun Purchases Can Reduce Homicide Rates of African Americans,, Kaufman, Elinore J., Douglas J. Wiebe, Ruiying Aria Xiong, Christopher N. Morrison, Mark J. Seamon, and M. Kit Delgado, Epidemiologic Trends in Fatal and Nonfatal Firearm Injuries in the US, 20092017,, Kawaguchi, Hideaki, and Soichi Koike, Association Between the Density of Physicians and Suicide Rates in Japan: Nationwide Ecological Study Using a Spatial Bayesian Model,, Kegler, Scott R., Thomas R. Simon, Marissa L. Zwald, May S. Chen, James A. Mercy, Christopher M. Jones, Melissa C. Mercado-Crespo, Janet M. Blair, Deborah M. Stone, and Phyllis G. Ottley, Vital Signs: Changes in Firearm Homicide and Suicide RatesUnited States, 20192020,, Keller, Thomas Christoph, ABCs and AR-15s: Arming Arkansass Teachers,, Kellermann, Arthur L., and Frederick P. Rivara, Silencing the Science on Gun Policy,, Kellermann, A. L., F. P. Rivara, G. Somes, D. T. Reay, J. Francisco, J. G. Banton, J. Prodzinski, C. Fligner, and B. Devin P. Kelley had assaulted his wife and stepson five years before he killed 26 people in Sutherland Springs, Tex., in November, according to the authorities. Of the 25 mass shootings in the Gun Violence Archive database for January 2019, 16% (4) of them were committed by white males; 4% (1) was committed by a Hispanic man; 64% (16) were committed by African-Americans; and in 16%, or 4 cases, the attacker's race is unknown. Nearly All Mass Shooters Since 1966 Have Had 4 Things in Common - VICE Mass Shootings, 19822017: Data from, Follman, Mark, Gavin Aronsen, and Deanna Pan, US Mass Shootings, 19822019: Data from, Follman, Mark, Gavin Aronsen, and Deanna Pan, US Mass Shootings, 19822020: Data from Mother Jones Investigation,, Follman, Mark, Gavin Aronsen, and Deanna Pan, US Mass Shootings, 19822022: Data from Mother Jones Investigation,, Fortunato, David, Can Easing Concealed Carry Deter Crime?, Fowler, Katherine A., Linda L. Dahlberg, Tadesse Haileyesus, Carmen Gutierrez, and Sarah Bacon, Childhood Firearm Injuries in the United States,, Fox, A. M., and K. J. Novak, Collaborating to Reduce Violence: The Impact of Focused Deterrence in Kansas City,, Fox, James Alan, Missing Data Problems in the SHR: Imputing Offender and Relationship Characteristics,, Fox, James Alan, and Monica J. DeLateur, Mass Shootings in America: Moving Beyond Newtown,, Fox, James A., and Emma E. Fridel, The Tenuous Connections Involving Mass Shootings, Mental Illness, and Gun Laws,, Fox, James Alan, and Jack Levin, Multiple Homicide: Patterns of Serial and Mass Murder,, Fox, James Alan, and Marc L. Swatt, Multiple Imputation of the Supplementary Homicide Reports, 19762005,, Franklin, Joseph C., Jessica D. Ribeiro, Kathryn R. Fox, Kate H. Bentley, Evan M. Kleiman, Xieyining Huang, Katherine M. Musacchio, Adam C. Jaroszweski, Bernard P. Chang, and Matthew K. Nock, Risk Factors for Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis of 50 Years of Research,, Frattaroli, Shannon, Elise Omaki, Amy Molocznik, Adelyn Allchin, Renee Hopkins, Sandra Shanahan, and Anne Levinson, Extreme Risk Protection Orders in King County, Washington: The Epidemiology of Dangerous Behaviors and an Intervention Response,, Frattaroli, Shannon, April M. Zeoli, and Daniel W. Webster, Armed, Prohibited and Violent at Home: Implementation and Enforcement of Restrictions on Gun Possession by Domestic Violence Offenders in Four U.S. Localities,, Freed, L. H., D. W. Webster, J. J. Longwell, J. Carrese, and M. H. Wilson, Factors Preventing Gun Acquisition and Carrying Among Incarcerated Adolescent Males,, Freedman, David A., On the So-Called Huber Sandwich Estimator and Robust Standard Errors,, French, B., and P. J. Heagerty, Analysis of Longitudinal Data to Evaluate a Policy Change,, Fridel, Emma E., A Multivariate Comparison of Family, Felony, and Public Mass Murders in the United States,, Fridel, Emma E., Comparing the Impact of Household Gun Ownership and Concealed Carry Legislation on the Frequency of Mass Shootings and Firearms Homicide,, Fridel, Emma E., and James Alan Fox, Gender Differences in Patterns and Trends in U.S. Rates of formal diagnoses of psychotic disorders (including diagnoses made post-incident, which may be affected by the incident itself) among mass public shooters are estimated to be about 15 to 17 percent (Stone, 2015; Fox and Fridel, 2016). Thus, many have chosen alternative definitions of casualty thresholds for mass shootings. On why mass shootings were largely nonexistent during the coronavirus pandemic. are distinguished by motive. Then you can access your favorite statistics via the star in the header. The number of participating jurisdictions also varies greatly over time, from almost all agencies in only three states in 1991 (Reaves, 1993), to 7,283 agencies in 42 states and Washington, D.C., in 2018 (FBI, 2019e). And Omar Mateen, who killed 49 people in. So it's possible that individuals didn't feel as personally aggrieved during the past year. The hard approach doesnt seem to be getting the job done. Cook, Philip J., and Harold A. Pollack, Reducing Access to Guns by Violent Offenders,. As of May 9, 2017: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Crime in the United States 2015: Expanded Homicide Data Table 28, webpage, 2016d. Two mass shootings in three days. Are these copycat crimes? [21] Similarly, evidence that many mass shooters have a history of domestic violence has led some to suggest potential benefits of stronger implementation of firearm prohibitions related to domestic violence (Zeoli and Paruk, 2020). Blau, Benjamin M., Devon H. Gorry, and Chip Wade, Guns, Laws, and Public Shootings in the United States,, Blosnich, John R., Kirsty A. Clark, Vickie M. Mays, and Susan D. Cochran, Sexual and Gender Minority Status and Firearms in the Household: Findings from the 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Surveys, California and Texas,, Bohnert, A. S., J. F. McCarthy, R. V. Ignacio, M. A. Ilgen, A. Eisenberg, and F. C. Blow, Misclassification of Suicide Deaths: Examining the Psychiatric History of Overdose Decedents,, Bongiorno, Diana M., Eric N. Kramer, Marisa D. Booty, and Cassandra K. Crifasi, Development of an Online Map of Safe Gun Storage Sites in Maryland for Suicide Prevention,, Bonhometre, Jodie, "Cash for Guns: NYPD Announces Gun Buy-Back Program,", Bonn, Tess, "Majority of Voters Support Assult Weapons Ban, Buybacks: Poll,", Bonne, Stephanie L., Pina Violano, Thomas K. Duncan, Peter A. Pappas, Gerard A. Baltazar, Linda A. Dultz, Mary E. Schroeder, Jeanette Capella, Michael Hirsh, Kristen Conrad-Schnetz, Rishi Rattan, John J. Como, Sarah Jewell, and Marie L. Crandall, "Prevention of Firearm Violence Through Specific Types of Community-Based Programming: An Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma Evidence-Based Review,", Booty, Marisa, Jayne ODwyer, Daniel Webster, Alex McCourt, and Cassandra Crifasi, Describing a Mass Shooting: The Role of Databases in Understanding Burden,, Borowsky, I. W., M. D. Resnick, M. Ireland, and R. W. Blum, Suicide Attempts Among American Indian and Alaska Native Youth: Risk and Protective Factors,.