However, the royal family was preoccupied with other problems. The Wedding Mass was lavishly celebrated in the Chapelle Royale on May 16, 1770. Lettre de Marie-Antoinette Madame lisabeth. In January 1793, King Louis XVI was sentenced to death for conspiring against the state. The head was taken to Marie Antoinette's window and displayed outside it. Though the man in the black mask was an early supporter of the Guillotine machine, he probably never dreamed hed have to employ it on his former employer, the queen of France. We are too young to reign. Most historians have come to the conclusion that Marie Antoinette was blameless in the matter, that Rohan was an innocent dupe, and that the Comtesse de la Motte deceived both for her own gain. Although Leopold was devastated at the death of his only Margareta1, he remarried later that same year to Claudia Felicitas of Austria, his second cousin. The queen spent the next few hours huddled against her husband, clutching their son. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Maria Antonia Habsburg was a member of the aristocracy in Europe. The diamond necklace affair made matters even worse, when a self-styled countess fooled a cardinal into purchasing an exorbitantly expensive necklace on the queens behalf even though the queen had previously refused to buy it. She then bowed her head and returned inside. As the wife of. Desperate to reassure her friends, Marie Antoinette sent a short note to the Austrian ambassador saying, "I'm fine, don't worry. Louis's sister, lisabeth, was even more vocal in her hatred of the new system. A fleet of 11 . French society was under-taxed and what little money was collected failed to save the economy. She was the eldest daughter and only surviving child of Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I and his first wife Margaret Theresa of Spain. Marie Antoinette never fully recovered from her husband's death. He died ten weeks later, and their son Frederick Augustus succeeded him. When Louis XVI heard it, he asked, "This is a revolt?" If he had survived Charles, the European powers likely would have permitted him to accede to the throne of Spain. The king seems to understand this truth; as for myself, I know that in my whole life (even if I live for a hundred years) I shall never forget the day of the coronation."[7]. The dowry was set at 200,000 crowns. But minutes later a member of the jury demanded a response to the question. She wrote her final letter known as her "Testament," to her sister-in-law Elisabeth in which she expressed her love for her friends and family and begged that her children would not seek to avenge her murder. Though published using the pseudonym ETPA, standing for Ermelinda Talea Pastorella Arcadia, Maria Antonias operas were successfully published by Breitkopf and enjoyed warm reviews both in their premieres at the court theater, which she sang in, and also throughout other European cities. The baby was a girl, and she was christened Marie-Thrse-Charlotte. She would not be able to bear children for many years to come, and the succession was in danger. She was devoted to her children and was very involved in their care. Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria (1669-1692).png 1,038 1,475; 2.81 MB. 2023 . Against the poverty of late 18th-century France, the five syllables evoke a cloud of pastel-colored indulgence, absurd fashions, and cruel frivolity, like a rococo painting, sprung to life. She was the youngest daughter of Empress Maria Theresa, ruler of the . Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Marie Antoinette's brother, Emperor Joseph II, visited her in April 1777. The palace was invaded in their absence, and the Swiss Guard were massacred. A New History of Portugal. It was finished during the second year of the reign of Charles X, year of grace 1826.[18]. The Duchess of Windsor The China dossier and a botched abortion. The following 10 files are in this category, out of 10 total. In 1675 she was then six years old she was proposed as a bride for her uncle King Charles II who was then only 12 years old. During her regency, she opposed her co-regent's act to give up her son's claim on the Polish throne in 1765. The fourth wife of Ferdinand VII, she persuad, Maria Edgeworth 25 Jul. Louis was taken to the guillotine the next day. Marie Antoinette's life provided inspiration for the novel Trianon (first published in 1997) by author and historian, Elena Maria Vidal. At 12:15 p.m., she stepped on the scaffold to greet Charles-Henri Sanson, the notorious executioner who had just beheaded her husband 10 months earlier. Tucked away in its cavernous halls, Marie Antoinettes life at the Conciergerie couldnt have been more divorced from her life of luxury in Versailles. To strengthen an alliance with Portugal during the War of the Spanish Succession, Maria Antonia married John V, king of Portugal, on July 9, 1708, by proxy in Vienna. For example, the lady-in-waiting with the highest rank present was the only one allowed to handle her bloomers. Shortly after the coronation, Marie Antoinette attempted to bring tienne Franois, duc de Choiseul back to the court. The mob invaded the prisons and massacred anyone suspected of royalist leanings. Marie Antoinette also hoped to flee; feeling it was unwise to remain so close to Paris during the current troubles. Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. They were returned to the Tuileries Palace. According to her daughter, "She no longer had any hope left in her heart or distinguished between life and death."[14]. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps, Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. However, there is no evidence that this phrase was ever spoken by Marie Antoinette. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. French historians, such as Andr Castelot and velyne Lever, have generally been more critical in their biographies of Marie Antoinette, although neither has attacked her with the venom she received during her lifetime. This was a republican attack on the privileges and ancient practices of the Roman Catholic Church. She was then attired in French clothing and taken to Strasbourg for a Thanksgiving Mass in her honor. On October 5, 1789, rumors spread in Paris that the royals were hoarding all the grain. A hungry and angry mob of peasants decided to march on Versailles. Forty witnesses were called by the prosecution but after 16 hours of interrogation she had managed to not implicate herself or any of those who had plotted to free her. She left Dresden during the Seven Years' War and took refuge in Prague and Munich, but returned at her husbands accession to the throne in 1763. In return for agreeing to this renunciation, Maximilian was offered full possession of the Spanish Netherlands if Austria should inherit Spain. While in Munich, Maria Antonia studied music with renowned opera composers Giovanni Battista Ferrandini and Giovanni Porta. Anton of Bavaria (19 November 1690) died at birth. This is the story of Marie Antoinettes beheading at the Place de la Rvolution in Paris and the tumultuous events that led up to it. She and her two ladies-in-waiting only narrowly escaped with their lives before the crowd burst in and ransacked her chambers. Her own compositional style shows a strong affinity for that of Hasse, especially his conception of opera seria. The pouf became Marie Antoinette's signature style, and the trend spread rapidly among the French nobility of the time. Marie Antoinette was the last Queen of France and Navarre before the French Revolution. Wikimedia CommonsMarie Antoinette being taken to her death, by William Hamilton. Kendall W. Brown , Professor of History, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah. Almost seven thousand livres were spent on a new crown for Louis XVI, and Marie Antoinette's magnificent gown was ordered from the fashion house of Paris' most exclusive designer, Rose Bertin. I do not even have any regrets."[15]. As an alternative, she became a candidate for marriage to Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia, the Duke of Savoy, but nothing came of these plans either. Catherine the Great wrote to Marie Antoinette from Russia, telling her that the royals should ignore the complaints of their people "as the moon goes on its course without being stopped by the cries of dogs." On the birth of her son, the next in line to the throne, she described the moment as "the happiest and most important event for me." . The last Habsburg king of Spain, Charles II, never fathered any children, due to his severe deformities and illnesses. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. They were not close at first, and at first it was difficult for them . Four years after coming to the heart of French political life, she and her husband became its leaders when they were crowned king and queen in 1774. When the commissioners threatened to kill her if she did not hand the child over, she still refused to move. When she entered the courtroom, most people were shocked at her appearance as she looked emaciated, prematurely aged, and exhausted. In an elaborate scheme, the Comtesse de la Motte, an impoverished aristocrat, pretended to be an intimate friend of the queen's, while simultaneously persuading Louis, Cardinal de Rohan that the queen secretly desired the necklace. Livermore, H.V. She whispered to the man: Wikimedia CommonsCharles-Henri Sanson, Marie Antoinettes executioner. Marie Antoinette then tried to preserve the crown's rapidly deteriorating position by secretly negotiating with Antoine Barnave, leader of the constitutional monarchist faction in the assembly. Daily life for Marie Antoinette could be tedious and routine. A few days later, she continued her journey to Versailles. The bodies of Marie, Louis XVI and Madame Elisabeth (Louis' sister) were buried in a mass grave near the location of today's La Madeleine church. With the death of her mother, Maria Antonia took her mothers place in the Spanish line of succession and as long as King Charles II remained without offspring, she was the heiress presumptive. The Assembly of Notables, as it was called, could find no solution to the government's financial crisis. Music critic Charles Burney praised her opera and her singing in his 1773 work, The Present State of Music in Germany, the Netherlands and United Provinces. Marie Antoinette: the very name of the doomed queen of France, the last of the Ancien Rgime, evokes power and fascination. Prosecutor Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville aimed to denigrate her character so that any crime she was accused of would seem more plausible. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. "[3] She was, quite literally, stripped of her nationality before the entire Austrian delegation that was present. Her mother and others from the Austrian court told her that to snub the king's favorite was "most unwise in her current position," meaning that a wife in an unconsummated marriage was in a vulnerable position. According to her daughter, the queen was frozen with horror, and she then collapsed to the ground in a dead faint.[13]. 1786), https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/maria-antonia-austria-1683-1754. When he met the queen, he bluntly told her, "Your Majesty is a prisoner. The queen then stood alone for almost ten minutes, whilst many in the crowd pointed muskets at her. The Comtesse proceeded to disappear with both the jewels and the money. When she refused, she was murdered and her head placed on a pike. Maria Antonia was born on 2 November 1755 at the Hofburg Palace in Vienna, Austria. Marie Antoinette is remembered for her legendary excesses, and for her death: she was executed by guillotine in 1793 for the crime of treason. The long series of wars fought by Louis XIV and Louis XV had left France with Europe's highest national debt. She stepped down from the cart and stared up at the guillotine. He also had a deep conversation with Louis XVI in which they discussed the couple's sexual problems. Some in the mob were so impressed by her bravery that they cried "Vive la Reine!". Her coefficient was higher than that of a child born to a parent and offspring, or brother and sister.[2]. Marie Antoinette, clad in simple white so different from her signature powder-blue silks and satins, accidentally stepped on Sansons foot. In 1676, the engagement was officially announced, and the proxy wedding was scheduled for December. She was Archduchess of Austria and Queen of France and Navarre. The message informed the queen to prepare herself for imminent rescue. Additionally, she was on favorable terms with her husband's youngest brother Charles, the Comte d'Artois. The collection included an elaborate diamond necklace which had belonged to Anne of Austria and pieces which had also belonged to Mary Queen of Scots and Catherine de' Medici. When Marie Antoinette actually heard about the bread shortage she wrote, "It is quite certain that in seeing the people who treat us so well despite their own misfortune, we are more obliged than ever to work hard for their happiness. Since Her Majesty no longer has her Guard of Honour, she is a prisoner." Maria Antonia was buried in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna, where her sarcophagus reads that she was "a princess highly famous for her birth, her marriage, her womb and death." 4 Upon the death of King Charles II without heirs, the War of the Spanish Succession broke out. It is dedicated to Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. Trianon is the prequel to Madame Royale which is inspired by the life of Princess Marie-Thrse-Charlotte, daughter of Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI. https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/maria-antonia-austria-1683-1754, "Maria Antonia of Austria (16831754) 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Marie Antoinette faced a revolutionary tribunal in the days preceding her death. As the niece of Charles II of Spain, Maria Antonia was of great relevance in connection with the succession to the Spanish throne, which was a major political issue in late 17th-century Europe. (Show more) Role In: Affair of the Diamond Necklace See all related content Top Questions With her marriage, she moved to Dresden. Marie Antoinette (2 November 1755 - 16 October 1793) was the last Queen of France, as the wife of King Louis XVI, before the monarchy was ended in the French Revolution.She was born as Maria Antonia as an Archduchess of Austria.. She married Louis in 1770, when she was 14 years old and four years before he became the king. She was Electress of Saxony as the wife of Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony. Media in category "Death of Marie Antoinette of Austria". [16] She was condemned to death for treason on October 15. One of her sons, Joseph Ferdinand, was of central importance to European politics at the end of the seventeenth century in spite of his youth, as a claimant to the throne of Spain in anticipation after his mother of the extinction of the House of Habsburg in that country. He died ten weeks later, and their son Frederick Augustus succeeded him. On two occasions Maria Antonia governed as regent. Maria Antonia Josepha Benedicta Rosalia Petronella of Austria[1] (18 January 1669 24 December 1692) was an Electress of Bavaria as the wife of Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria. Regency She left Dresden during the Seven Years' War and took refuge in Prague and Munich, but returned at her husband's accession to the throne in 1763. Learn how and when to remove this template message, Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria, Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich, "Habsburg, Maria Anna (Knigin von Spanien)", "Royal dynasties as human inbreeding laboratories: the Habsburgs", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Antonia_of_Austria&oldid=1146736791, Maria Antonia Josepha Benedicta Rosalia Petronella. Her siblings included an older sister Maria Carolina of Austria, a younger brother Maximilian, and three older brothers Joseph, Leopold and Ferdinand Karl, all of whom had already begun to exert their influence over the Hapsburg Empire. Within days of the meeting, the Estates-General was clamoring for reforms and criticizing the monarchy and its policies. . Zita of Bourbon-Parma (Zita Maria delle Grazie Adelgonda Micaela Raffaela Gabriella Giuseppina Antonia Luisa Agnese; 9 May 1892 - 14 March 1989) was the wife of Emperor Charles of Austria.As such, she was the last Empress of Austria, Queen of Hungary, and Queen of Bohemia.. Born as the seventeenth child of the dispossessed Robert I, Duke of Parma and his second wife Infanta Maria Antonia of . The first occurred in 1716, when the king secluded himself at Vila Viosa suffering from depression. Louis XVI was persuaded by Pierre Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais to support the American revolutionaries in their fight for independence from Britain. Legend has it that a frightened Marie Antoinette charmed the mostly-female mob from her balcony, bowing to them from above. Inside Marie Antoinettes Death And Her Final Days Before She Was Executed In Paris, A foodie, wanderlust victim, professional Francophile, and history nerd, Andrew Milne is a freelance writer who has worked at outlets like Bon Apptit and Food Network, and currently runs content at, How Harvesting Horseshoe Crab Blood Became The Multimillion-Dollar Industry You've Never Heard Of, Inside The Mysterious Murder Of Denise Johnson And The Podcast That May Help Solve It, What Stephen Hawking Thinks Threatens Humankind The Most, 27 Raw Images Of When Punk Ruled New York, Join The All That's Interesting Weekly Dispatch. A large crowd gathered in the palace's courtyard and demanded that the queen come to the balcony. She abandoned the more elaborate wigs which had been festooned with jewels and feathers, and she refused to buy any more jewels for her personal collection. November 2, 1755 Vienna Austria Died: October 16, 1793 (aged 37) Paris France Notable Family Members: spouse Louis XVI father Francis I mother Maria Theresa son Louis XVII brother Leopold II brother Joseph II sister Maria Carolina . The Marquis de la Fayette, a liberal aristocrat who had embraced many American ideas when he fought for George Washington, was placed in charge of the royal family's security. The moment when my troubles are going to end is not the moment when my courage is going to fail me."[17]. This page was last edited on 19 July 2023, at 18:14. Amling, Carl Gustav von - Maria Antonia of Austria.png 778 981; 1.18 MB. She also spent as much time as possible with her own children, particularly the dauphin. These indulgences earned her the nickname Madame Dficit, while the common people of France suffered through a poor economy. As a result the republican government decided to imprison the eight-year-old child in solitary confinement. Traditional histories have portrayed Marie Antoinette as a shallow, weak, and self-indulgent person. There they would gather their supporters and any foreign assistance they could (Marie Antoinette's brother Emperor Leopold II, Catherine II of Russia, the king of Sweden and the king of Prussia had all promised military aid). They did not meet again; her son died in captivity in 1795. Rumors began to circulate that Louis-Auguste might be impotent because Marie Antoinette did not conceive until seven years into her marriage. Several operas took on the same principle over the next century, with Maria Antonia crafting her own libretto and music. The cover story of the September 2006 issue of Vogue magazine was about the Sofia Coppola movie, with an accompanying feature article about Marie Antoinette's contributions to fashion styles of the era.
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